پاورپوینت تعاریف و تاریخچه ژنتیک (pptx) 34 اسلاید

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بنام خدا تعاریف و تاریخچه ژنتیک Mendel’s Work Mendel’s experiments: Genes come in pairs (Mendel: factors) Genes can have different alleles, some ( dominant traits ), exert their effects over others (recessive traits) At meiosis alleles segregate from each other ( each gamete receives one allele) The segregation of different pairs of alleles is independent What is the Human Genome? The entire genetic makeup of the human cell nucleus. Genes carry the information for making all of the proteins required by the body for growth and maintenance. The genome also encodes rRNA and Made up of ~35,000-50,000 genes which code for functional proteins in the body. Includes non-coding sequences located between genes, which makes up the vast majority of the DNA in the genome (~95%). Goals: Identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in human DNA Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, Store this information in databases, Improve tools for data analysis, Transfer related technologies to the private sector, Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. Milestones: 1990: Project initiated as joint effort of U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health(NIH) June 2000: Completion of a working draft of the entire human genome (covers >90% of the genome to a depth of 3-4xredundant sequence) February 2001: Analyses of the working draft are published April 2003: HGP sequencing is completed and Project is declared finished two years ahead of schedule Figure 2.2 DNA double helix. A, Sugar-phosphate backbone and nucleotide pairing of the DNA double helix (P, phosphate; A, adenine; T, thymine; G, guanine; C, cytosine). B, Representation of the DNA double helix. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 May 2011 06:41 AM) © 2005 Elsevier 1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine James D. Watson Francis H. Crick Maurice H. F. Wilkins What about? Rosalind Franklin Watson, J.D. and F.H. Crick, “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxynucleic Acids”. Nature 171 (1953), p. 738. اسیدهای نوکلئیک عامل انتقال صفات اند. DNA مولکول دو رشته ای آنتی پارالل شامل پلیمری از اسید نوکلئیک ( DNA ) است. اسید نوکلئیک: قند 5 کربنه گروه فسفات باز آلی نیتروژن دار آدنین تیمین گوانین سیتیدین